The Digest’s 2025 Multi-Slide Guide to Mixing-Controlled Compression-Ignition Combustion with Low-Lifecycle-CO2 Fuels

This project de-risks Ducted Fuel Injection (DFI) for heavy-duty engine decarbonization with Low-Lifecycle-CO2 Fuels (LLCFs). The first-ever DFI retrofit for a production multi-cylinder engine was successfully implemented. Initial DFI testing revealed substantial NOx reductions (up to 80%) but significant soot increases (up to 1370%), indicating the need for further optimization. A robust mechanical alignment technique and CFD-derived tolerances were established. A new fuel system supports testing diverse oxygenated LLCFs, aiming for broader low-NOx, low-PM operation.